Two Rabbit Species Hidden in Spain & Portugal for 2 Million Years

A team from CSIC and universities in Spain, Portugal, and the UK determined the European rabbit is actually two distinct species, the Iberian rabbit ( Oryctolagus algirus ) and the European rabbit ( Oryctolagus cuniculus ), diverged around two million years ago. Researchers published their findings in 'Biological Conservation', challenging the long-held belief of a single Iberian Peninsula rabbit species.

The two lineages separated during glacial periods, finding refuge in the Ebro valley and the Gulf of Cádiz, and have since exhibited minimal interbreeding. The Iberian rabbit, found in Portugal and western Spain, is smaller with darker fur, smaller litters, and earlier maturity compared to its European counterpart.

Differences also extend to their gut microbiomes and parasite communities. Scientists express concern that managing both as one species has obscured the decline of the Iberian rabbit population in Portugal and southwestern Spain.

Current restocking practices often use more prolific European rabbits, potentially accelerating the Iberian rabbit's displacement. Correct identification is crucial for effective conservation of both species and the 40 predator species that rely on them.